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Understanding Structural analysis Book download for civil engineering
INTRODUCTION
This book explains the concept of Structural behaviour of structural members subjected to an external load in a simple manner to understand. This book is helpful for both a beginner and a student who is interested in structures.
Contents
1.The analysis of statically determinate structures
2. Statically indeterminacy
3.The qualitative analysis of beams
4.The qualitative analysis of frames
5 The theorems of virtual work
6 The flexibility method
7 The stiffness method - frames
8 The stiffness method grids
9 Moment distribution
10. Plastic analysis of plane frames
11 The yield line analysis of reinforced concrete slabs
12 Influence line
Overview
1. Thus we see that structural analysis must have two components. The first is a qualitative understanding and the second is the numerical procedures. It must be understood that qualitative analysis is not in any way that numerical analysis.
2. The basic principles of our structural analysis lie in the laws of statics. Most structures are required to be in a static state. This is not to say that we cannot analyse dynamic behaviour such as may be caused by earthquakes, wind gusts or moving loads but initially, we shall concern ourselves with statics. The tower crane demonstrates the kinds of equilibrium that we have to satisfy. The vertical reaction at the ground must balance the total downwards::.:?:: counterbalance and load.
3. In our three-dimensional world we can express these equilibrium requirements in the following way. Firstly' we must ensure that in each of three directions at angles to each other which we will label X Y and Z the resultant of all forces acting on the structure must be zero. In other words, reactions must balance loads. Secondly, as we have seen in the case of the toppling effect, the tendency for the structure to rotate about any of these three axes must be resisted. We say that the resultant moment about each of the three axes x, Y and z must also be zero. Thus the moment of reactions must balance the moment of loads. This gives us all together six conditions of equilibrium.
4. The traditional approach to the study of structural analysis has been based, almost exclusively, on quantitative (i.e. numerical) methods' on one hand' this is entirely logical. The structural designer does, eventually, need to Put values to loads and dimensions and determine the numerical value of reactions, bending moments and so on There is, however, a critically in Portal stage before that numerical analysis; the preliminary analysis required to size the structural members'
5. The nature of the analysis of statically indeterminate structures is such that the designee must know the size of all the structural members before an analysis is carried. Consequently, it should be clear that the detailed, numerical analysis of the structure is a check on that Preliminary analysis.
6. This places great importance on that stage of the design procedure' If the structure is incorrectly sized' repeated analysis will need to be carried out. This is true regardless of whether the analysis is being carried out by hand or by computer. It is generally assumed that the skills required for this preliminary analysis are the inevitable consequence oI studying numerical techniques' The results of extensive research into the development of an understanding of structural behaviour in undergraduates and trainee engineers suggest very strongly that this is not the case.
7. That preliminary analysis requires a quite different set of skills which are referred to here as 'qualitative'. Essentially non-numerical, the basis of these skills are the recognition of the relationship between the load and the resulting behaviour of the structure' In simple structures'
8. These skills a.e distinctly different from quantitative skills; they rely on sets of coherent diagrams rather than mathematical models for example. However, the most obvious difference between the qualitative and the quantitative approach to the analysis of structures is that there is no obvious sequence for the steps in the qualitative approach. once a particular numerically based analytical technique has been learned, then the sequence of the solution will almost always be the same.
9. However, faced with a qualitative analysis it is not apparent from which point the solution will emerge most effectively. It may be best to start with the bending moment diagram in one case or the deflected shape in another. In many structural problems, it is necessary to start with all parts of the full solution at the same time, which is potentially very confusing. Students studying this approach say that they understand each of the steps in the examples than' as soon as they try one of the practice problems they are stuck.
10. The use of computers is increasing rapidly. How can you check that the output is correct? Perhaps the Greatest The checking system must be independent and robust' You will discover that a sound understanding of structural behaviour will play a significant part in the overall checking procedures which must be constructed to ensure the correct use of the computer and the elimination of data errors.
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