Retaining Walls|Types of Retaining Walls|Retaining Walls|Types of Retaining Walls|counterfort retaining wall |cantilever retaining wall |retaining wal
Retaining Walls|Types of Retaining Walls|Retaining Walls|Types of Retaining Walls|counterfort retaining wall |cantilever retaining wall |retaining wall designer
INTRODUCTION :
Retaining Walls:
Definition
A retaining wall is a structure that retains (holds back) any material (usually earth) and prevents it from sliding or eroding away. It is designed to resist the material pressure of the material that it is holding back.
Types of Retaining Wall
Earth retaining structure can be considered to have the following types:
- Gravity Walls
- Reinforced Gravity Walls
- Concrete Cantilever retaining wall
- Counter-fort / Buttressed retaining wall
- Precast concrete Ret wall
- Pre-stressed retaining wall
- Brick
- Brick Masonry retaining wall
- Stone
- Reinforced Soil Walls
- Reinforced Soil
- Soil Nailing
- Hybrid System
- Anchored Earth ret wall
- Tailed Gabion
- Tailed Concrete Block
- Miscellaneous
Gravity Retaining Walls:
Gravity retaining walls Retaining Wall Cross-section Design relies on their huge weight to retain the material behind it and achieve stability against failures. Gravity Retaining Wall can be constructed from concrete, stone or even brick masonry. Gravity retaining walls are much thicker in section. The geometry of these walls also helps them to maintain their stability. Mass concrete walls are suitable for retained heights of up to 3 m. The cross-section shape of the wall is affected by stability, the use of space in front of the wall, the required wall appearance and the method of construction.
Reinforced Retaining Walls:
Reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry walls on spread foundations are gravity structures in which the stability against overturning is provided by the weight of the wall and reinforcement bars in the wall. The following are the main types of walls:
Concrete Cantilever retaining wall
A cantilever retaining:g wall is one that consists of a wall which is connected to foundation. A cantilever wall holds back a significant amount of soil, so it must be well engineered. They are the most common type used as retaining walls. Cantilever wall rest on a slab foundation. This slab foundation is also loaded by back-fill and thus the weight of the back-fill and surcharge also stabilizes the wall against overturning and sliding.
Counter-fort / Buttressed retaining wall:
Counterfort walls are cantilever walls strengthened with counter forts monolithic with the back of the wall slab and base slab. The counter-forts act as tension stiffeners and connect the wall slab and the base to reduce the bending and shearing stresses. To reduce the bending moments in vertical walls of great height, counterforts are used, spaced at distances from each other equal to or slightly larger than one-half of the height Counter forts are used for high walls with heights greater than 8 to 12 m.
Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall:
Mechanically stabilized earth walls are those structures which are made using steel or GeoTextiles soil reinforcements which are placed in layers within a controlled granular fill. Reinforced soils can also be used as retaining walls if they are built as:
- As an integral part of the design.
- As an alternative to the use of reinforced concrete or other solutions on the grounds of economy or due to the ground conditions.
- To act as temporary works.
- As remedial or improvement works to an existing configuration.
This category covers walls which use soil, reinforced with reinforcing bars, to provide a stable earth retaining system and includes reinforced soil and soil nailing.
Soil Nailing:
Constructing a soil nailed wall involves reinforcing the soil as work progresses in the area being excavated by the introduction of bars which essentially work in tension, called Passive Bars. These are usually parallel to one another and slightly inclined downward. These bars can also work partially in bending and in shear. The skin friction between the soil and the nails puts the nails in tension.
Hybrid Systems Retaining Wall:
The type of retaining walls that use both factors that is their mass and reinforcement for stability are called Hybrid or Composite retaining wall systems.
Anchored Earth walls:
Any wall which uses facing units tied to rods or strips which have their ends anchored into the ground is an anchored earth wall. The anchors are like abutments. The cables used for tieing are commonly high strength, pre-stressed steel tendons. To aid anchorage, the ends of the strips are formed into a shape designed to bind the strip at the point into the soil.
Tailed Gabion
Gabions are cages, cylinders, or boxes filled with earth or sand that are used in civil engineering, road-building, military application and many others. OR Gabion elements fitted to geo-grid 'tails' extending into supporting soil. For erosion control, caged rip-rap are used. For dams or foundation buildings, metal structures are used.
Sheet Pile Walls:
Steel sheet pile walls are constructed by driving steel sheets into a slope or excavation up to the required depth. Their most common use is within temporary deep excavations. They are considered to be most economical where retention of higher earth pressures of soft soils is required. It cannot resist very high pressure.
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