What is Stress & Strain | What is Stress-Strain Curve | The Explaining of Stress-Strain Graph

 What is Stress & Strain | What is Stress-Strain Curve | The Explaining of Stress-Strain Graph 

Stress:

It is the ratio of the internal force F, produced when the substance is deformed, to the area A over which this force acts. In equilibrium, this force is equal in magnitude to the externally applied force. In other words,

The SI Unit of stress is newton per square meter (Nm-2).In CGS units, stress is measured in dyne-cm-2. Dimensional formula of stress is ML-1T-2

Types of Stress:

1. Normal stress:

     It is the restoring force per unit area perpendicular to the surface of the body.

  It is of two types:

1. tensile  
2. compressive stress.

2. Tangential stress:

     When the elastic restoring force or a deforming force acts parallel to the surface area, the stress is called tangential stress.

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Strain:

It is the ratio of the change in size or shape to the original size or shape. It has no dimensions, it is just a number.

Types of Strain:

1. Longitudinal strain:

 If the deforming force produces a change in length alone, the strain produced in the body is called longitudinal strain or tensile strain.

Stress-Strain Curve:

When we study solids and their mechanical properties, information regarding their elastic properties is most important. We can learn about the elastic properties of materials by studying the stress-strain relationships, under different loads, in these materials.

The material’s stress-strain curve gives its stress-strain relationship. In a stress-strain curve, the stress and its corresponding strain values are plotted. An example of a stress-strain curve is given below.

Explaining Stress-Strain Graph:

The stress-strain diagram has different points or regions as follows:

1. Proportional limit
2. Elastic limit
3. Yield point
4. Ultimate stress point
5. Fracture or breaking point

(i) Proportional Limit

The region in the stress-strain curve that observes Hooke's Law is known as the proportional limit. According to this limit, the ratio of stress and strain provides us with the proportionality constant known as young's modulus. In the graph point, OA is known as the proportional limit.

(ii) Elastic Limit

Elastic limit is the maximum stress that a substance can endure before permanently being deformed. When the load acting on the object is completely removed and the material returns to its original position, that point is known as the object's elastic limit. 

(iii) Yield Point

The point at which the material starts showing to deform plastically is known as the yield point of the material. Once the yield point of an object is crossed, plastic deformation occurs. There are two types of yield points (i) upper yield point (ii) lower yield point.

(iv) Ultimate Stress Point

The point at which a material endures maximum stress before failure is known as the Ultimate Stress point. After this point, the material will break.

(v) Fracture or Breaking Point

In the stress-strain curve, the point at which the failure of the material takes place is known as the breaking point of the material.

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