UNDERSTANDING CONSTRUCTION DRAWING BOOK DOWNLOADS BY MARK W. HURTH
UNDERSTANDING CONSTRUCTION DRAWING BOOK DOWNLOADS BY MARK W. HURTH
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short description about the book
Isometric Drawings
A useful type of pictorial drawing for construction purposes is the isometric drawing. In an isometric drawing, vertical lines are drawn vertically, and horizontal lines are drawn at an angle of 30° from horizontal, All lines on one of these isometric axes are drawn in proportion to their actual length. Isometric drawings tend to look out of proportion because we are used to seeing the object appear smaller as it gets farther away. Isometric drawings are often used to show plumbing, The ability to draw simple isometric sketches is a useful skill for communicating on the job site.
Step 1.Sketch a Y with the top lines about 30° from horizontal.
Step 2.Sketch the bottom edges parallel to the top edges.
Step 3. Mark off the width on the left top and bottom edges. This will be
about twice the height.
Step 4. Mark off the length on the right top and bottom edges. The length will
be about twice the width.
Step 5. Sketch the two remaining vertical lines and the back edges.
SYMBOLS
An alphabet of lines allows for clear communication through drawings; the
use of standard symbols makes for even better communication. Many features
of construction cannot be drawn exactly as they appear on the building.
Therefore, standard symbols are used to show various materials, plumbing
fixtures and fittings, electrical devices, windows, doors, and other common
objects.
Notes are added to drawings to give additional explanations. It is not important to memorize all the symbols and abbreviations used in construction before you learn to read drawings. You should, however, memorize a few of the most common symbols and abbreviations so that you may learn the principles involved in their use. Additional symbols and abbreviations can be looked up as they are needed. The illustrations shown here represent only a few of the more common symbols and abbreviations.
Laying Out the Foundation
When the concrete for the footings has hardened and the forms are removed, carpenters can begin erecting forms for concrete foundations, or masons can begin laying blocks or bricks for masonry foundations. Although the material differs, the drawings and their interpretation for each type of foundation are similar.
In Unit 12 you referred to the dimensions on the foundation plan to lay out the footings. The same dimensions are used to lay out the foundation walls. The layout process is also similar. The outside surface of the foundation wall is laid out using previously constructed batter boards.
Then the forms are erected or the masonry units are laid to these lines. The foundation plan includes overall dimensions, dimensions to interior corners and special constructions, and dimensions of special smaller features. It is customary to place the smallest dimensions closest to the drawing.
The overall dimensions are placed around the outside of the drawing, Figure 13–1. All drawing sets include, at least, a wall section showing how the foundation is built, how it is secured to the footings, and any special construction at the top of the foundation wall, Figure 13–2. Although a typical wall section may indicate the thickness of the foundation wall, you should carefully check around the entire wall on the foundation plan to find any notes that indicate varying thicknesses of the foundation wall.
For example, the wall may be 12 inches thick where it has to support brick veneer above, while it is only 8 inches thick on the back of the building where there is no brick veneer. A careful check of the foundation plan for the Lake House shows that the house foundation calls for 12-inch, 10-inch, and 6-inch concrete block and that the garage foundation calls for 8-inch block.
Structural concrete is the most common foundation material, because it is strong and concrete foundations can be built quickly.
The Lake House used for study in this unit uses concrete blocks for the foundation, because the drawings are similar for either material; however, there are some additional topics to be discussed for masonry (concrete block) foundations.
The details for a masonry foundation may call for horizontal reinforcement in every second or third course. This is usually prefabricated wire reinforcement to be embedded in the mortar joints.
Prefabricated wire reinforcement is available in varying sizes for different sizes of concrete blocks. The height of the foundation wall is dimensioned on the building elevations.
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