ESTIMATION BOOK DOWNLOADS BY SURIENDER SINGH
ESTIMATION BOOK DOWNLOADS BY SURIENDER SINGH
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short description about the book
In a framed building, four major areas which con sume a substantial portion of the total project cost are the structural frame, architectural construction, foundations, and mechanical and electrical services.
It is essential to explore all possibilities to achieve economy in each of these areas at the design stage, since investigations have indicated that about 80 per cent of the project cost is committed by the time 20 per cent of the design (sketch design stage) has been completed [1].
Further, in the present age of ever increasing costs, the majority of the clients of building projects are insisting on projects being designed and executed to give maximum value for money. Hence professionals are employed to work as a team to an increasing extent during the design stage.
As buildings become more complex and building clients more exacting in their requirements, so it be comes necessary to improve and refine the cost control tools. Cost planning and cost control are complementary.
During cost planning, the commonly adopted approximate estimating methods for computing the cost of structures are the percentage estimate method, the superficial or floor area method (also known as the square metre method) and the approximate quantities method.
A proper application of the first two methods in practice requires, on the one hand, an in-depth knowledge of past historical cost information of completed projects and, on the other hand, a knowledge of the effect of design parameters on the construction cost.
The latter, though not emphasised in practice is very important, since buildings are not generally alike and rates have to be adjusted for changes in design features. Besides, past historical cost information needs to be adjusted by the application of the cost index which is rarely avail able in the desired form, especially in developing countries.
In the approximate quantities method, cost estimates for new building works are often made by assuming approximate quantities of concrete, reinforcement and form work.
In the absence of realistic information relating to variations in the quantities of materials with changes in sizes of column grids, structural scheme, number of storeys and other design parameters, the quantities assumed tend to be very approximate and the percentage errors could be large. Where more realistic estimates are required,
the engineer works out alternative structural schemes, and the most econ omical scheme consistent with the requirements is selected after the quantity surveyor has calculated the quantities and costs for the various schemes.
It is extremely unsystematic and wasteful if structural schemes have to be worked out and costs estimated every time a new building project comes up. How ever, in recent years, the emphasis on research relating to building cost techniques, especially through mathematical modelling and the availability of micro computers at the cost of electric typewriters, have provided openings to overcome these problems.
Trimble and Jupp [2] at Loughborough University of Technology developed cost models using regression techniques for various facets of building work. Gould [3] produced a cost model which deals with the capital cost of heating, ventilating and air conditioning installations for various building types. Badby [4], Wood [5], Baker [6], McCaffer [7], Newton [8] and Schofield et al. [9] also produced cost models related to the various aspects of building.
The aim of this book is to illustrate in the form of charts, in relation to high-rise commercial buildings ranging from 5 to 50 storeys, the effect of different design parameters on quantities of constituents us ing traditional structural systems, namely the solid slab and beam system, the flat slab/waffle slab sys tem, and the prestressed beam and slab system.
Using the charts relationships, the user should be able to compute approximate quantities and hence the cost of the structure, given the structural scheme and other design parameters. The effect of design variables such as grid size, structural system/scheme, grid location, grade of concrete, number of storeys, continuity of structure, shear core size, etc. has been investigated by the author and is presented in this book. The above parameters,
in addition, facilitate a study of the effect of plan shape and size on the building structure. The charts presented are useful for analysing the effect of the following on structural cost: • Variation in cost of alternative structural systems.
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