EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCTURES BOOK DOWNLOADS BY S.K DUGGAL
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCTURES BOOK DOWNLOADS BY S.K DUGGAL
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The clay brick manufacturers strongly recommend that all bricks, and also all fresh brickwork, are kept as dry as possible for as long as possible. Work should be protected at night and over the weekends and, if it starts to rain, during the day. This limits effl orescence and lime staining and enhances rain resistance. In hot weather it may be necessary to dampen the bricks before laying to ensure that water is retained in the mortar long enough for setting to take place satisfactorily. The degree of dampening should be the result of experiments, as overwetting can result in bricks slipping, or of the mortar squeezing out because of the slow rate of setting. This section will look at recommendations for good site practice in a number of important aspects:
• Accuracy and tolerances
• Appearance
• Durability
• Structural performance
• Weathertightness
• Thermal performance
• Movement accommodation
• General aspects.
There are a number of recommendations that could be placed in more than one cate- gory. As an example, fully filling all cross-joints with mortar enhances the durability, structural performance, weathertightness and acoustic performance of the brick wall.
DURABILITY
The brick should have been chosen for its durability taking into account the known degree of exposure. Many of today’s cement-based mortars can be too strong. The brick manufacturers would prefer the mortar to be related to the strength of the brick. If the mortar strength were nominally less than the strength of the brick then any small, movement cracks would occur in the mortar rather than the bricks. The mortar should be given every opportunity to cure properly. This applies particularly to fresh brickwork when frost damage could severely attack the mortar and, for that reason, insulating materials should be incorporated underneath the waterproof protection until the mortar is capable of withstanding freezing conditions.
STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE
The mortar should be of the specified strength and be consistent. All bed- and cross- joints should be filled with mortar. The mortar in the cross-joints can consist of two small dabs as a time- and material-saving short cut.
This practice is often referred to as ‘tipping and tailing’ the bricks. It is not recommended as it considerably weakens the structural properties of the brickwork and permits greater ingress of water. Solid cross-joints are achieved by troweling a solid dab of mortar onto the end of each brick before laying it. Bearings on shelf angles and the like should not be less than two-thirds of the brick work width.
Unless otherwise agreed, the frog of any brick should be laid uppermost. In general bricks for load-bearing work will be laid frog-up with the frogs filled with mortar. BDA have, however, noted that a frogged brick could be laid frog-down if the completed wall still met all its performance requirements.
The structural performance of the wall will rely heavily on all wall supports and restraints. These can include footings, lintels, shelf angles, wind posts, special hangers or anchors and cavity wall ties. All of these should be correctly installed and this generally means in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
The rate of laying should not normally exceed 1.5 m in height per day. Cavity wall ties, because of their size may seem to be relatively insignificant, but the two thin skins of masonry can only act together if such ties have been correctly designed and properly installed. Cavity wall ties, regrettably, are often missed or poorly installed. Inspections for wall ties can sometimes be a cursory
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